INFINITIVE

INFINITIVE

1. VERBS FOLLOWED DIRECTLY BY THE INFINITIVE

AGREE PROMISE

ARRANGE REFUSE

CLAIM SEEM

DECIDE SWEAR

HAPPEN TEND

HOPE TRY(=ATTTEMPT)

MANAGE MAKE UP ONE'S MIND

OFFER TURN OUT

PLAN

PRETEND

2. VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVE OR OBJECT +INFINITIVE.

1. ASK , BEG + INFINITIVE.

ex: I asked to speak= Could I speak ?

ASK, BEG +OBJECT +INFINITIVE

ex: I asked him to speak louder= demand

2. EXPECT + TO INFINITIVE

ex: I expect to arrive= It is likely that I will arrive

EXPECT+ object + TO INFINITIVE

ex: I expect her to do her job= He thinks it is her duty.

3. WOULD HATE

INTEND

LIKE (= THINK WISE: I like my children to sit at the table before me)

WOULD LIKE

WOULD LOVE

MEAN

PREFER

WANT

WISH

3. VERBS F0LLOWED BY OBJECT + INFINITIVE

ADVISE ORDER

ALLOW REMIND

ASK TELL

BRIBE

COMPEL

COMMAND

ENCOURAGE

FORBID

INVITE

OBLIGE.

3.1 ASSUME, BELIEVE, CONSIDER, FEEL, KNOW, SUPPOSE, THINK

ex: I consider him to be the best candidate.

He is known to be honest

He is supposed to finish by eight o'clock (= in the passive: obligation)

4. VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO.

1. auxiliaries and modal auxiliaries

2.WOULD RATHER/ WOULD SOONER RATHER/ SOONER THAN

3. HAD BETTER

4. FEEL, HEAR, SEE + PLAIN INFINITIVE

ex: I felt the house shake but The house was seen to move in the passive

5. MAKE/LET somebody do something

5. INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE AFTER GO AND COME.

ex: They went to Amsterdam to buy

but

Go to find changes to Go and find

6. THE FIRST, THE SECOND, THE LAST, SUPERLATIVES + TO-INFINITIVE.

ex. The first to come received a prize

The best book to buy is this one

7. NOTHING, SOMETHING, SOMEWHERE, ETC + TO-INFINITIVE.

EX. There's nothing to do here

8. ADJECTIVE +TO-INFINITIVE.

ex: it is easy to talk to you.

it is a wonderful country to visit

9.TOO/ENOUGH + TO-INFINITIVE

ex: We are too young to enter

We are not old enough to enter

10 INFINITIVE AS SUBJECT

With BE, SEEM, APPEAR , the to-infinitive can be subject of a sentence.

ex: To hesitate would have been fatal

but it is more normal to say

it would have been fatal to hesitate

gerund is also possible to refer to general sense, but to-infinitive is preferred for particular action.

ex: It was impossible to refuse refuses to a particular action but to speak generally we should say

Refusing is sometimes impossible

GERUND

1. GERUND AS SUBJECT

1.1ex: Reading French is easier than speaking it is the same as

It is easier to read French than to speak it.

1.2 We FIND

DISCOVER

BELIEVE FISHING the best sport

THINK

CONSIDER

2. GERUNDS TAKE PREPOSITIONS.

All prepositions take a gerund afterwards

3. VERBS FOLLOWED BY THE GERUND.

ADMIT MIND

AVOID PREVENT

DENY PROPOSE

ENJOY REMEMBER

LIKE, DISLIKE STOP

CAN'T STAND SUGGEST

CAN`T HELP

FINISH

FORGIVE

IMAGINE

INVOLVE

KEEP

INFINITIVE AND GERUND WITH CHANGE OF MEANING

A. regret, remember, forget

1. are used with a gerund when the actiion expressed by the gerund is the earlier action

ex: I regret spending so much money

forget + gerund is only possible after will never forget.

2. when regret, remember, forget themselves express the earlier action, they are followed by the infinitive.

B. stop, try, mean, used

1. stop+___________ing: give up doing something

ex. Why don´t you stop smoking before we all choke ?

2. stop+ to-infinitive: come to a standstill in order to do something.

ex: They stopped to drink and stretch their legs

3. mean + to infinitive: have the intention to

ex: I meant to get to the station on time,but it can be difficult.

4. mean+___________ing: imply.

ex: Living abroad means adapting to another country's way of life.

5. try+____________ing: to experience

ex: OK, I'll try the other way round.

6. try+t-infinitive: attempt to.

ex: I tried to open the can before the guests arrived, but it was impossible.

7. used to +infinitive: something I did in the past

ex. We used to live in the country

8. be used+________ing: be accostumed to something

ex: I am used to walking, so

exercises

1. Put the verbs in the gerund or the infinitive:

1 __________ is really good fun. (fly)

Flying is really good fun.

2We stopped at the motorway services.__________ something__________ (get / eat) We stopped at the motorway services to get something to eat.

3 'What's this for?'

'It's for.__________ vegetables.' (cook)

4 I can't get used to before the dawn. (get up)

5 I'm sorry about_________ you. (not invite)

6 There's a lot of work_________ on the new building. (do)

7 I really love_________ with the children. (play)

8 _________ is a good form of exercise. (swim)

9 There are some very interesting things_________ in the British Museum. (see)

10 You're lucky you haven't got a child_________ . (look after)

11 We managed_________ the exam by _________ each other's answers. (pass /

copy)

12 Dave decided_________ Sheila for a week or two. (not phone)

13 I can't stand_________ the washing-up. (do)

14 I think I'm going to have to give up football. (play)

15 It really is time_________ . (go)

16 I've decided_________ here for another year. (not stay)

17 I know the keys are here: I remember_________ somewhere. (put them down)

18 We were getting tired, so we stopped_________lunch. (have)

19 I tried_________ some salt, but it didn't help. (add)

. 20 I'm looking forward to _________ the programme. (see)

'21 I went home_________ that the children were alright. (check)

I 22 You're much too young_________ in there. (go)

23 I was surprised_________ about the new baby. (not hear)

24 We're very keen on _________ the team. (join)

25 It was a very odd thing_________ . (say)

. 26 We decided_________ until the end of the film. (not stay)

2.Complete these sentences putting the verbs into the gerund, using a preposition from this list:

about of in to after

about of in to by .

about for on at without

1 We talked………..o) to France for our holiday.

We talked about going to France for our holiday.

2 I look forward................ (see) you again next year.

3 She's tired................ (work) for the company.

4 I'm very happy................ my parents (come) home.

5 ................ (open) the front door, I walked slowly through it.

6 We got into the house................ (climb) through a window.

7 I'm looking forward................ (work) with you.

8 Are you interested................ (join) the committee?

9 I'm tired................ (come) to the same place every week.

10 He's very keen................ (swim) at the moment.

11 I'm worried................ Jayne (get) to the airport on time.

12 I'm not interested................ (hear) your excuses.

13 She's very good................ (listen) to what people say.

14 This is used................ (cut) metal.

15 The car drove off................ (stop).

3. Verbs followed by the bare infinitive

Rewrite the sentences, using the words given. You may need to change

some words:

1 He arrived early. (I saw)

I saw him arrive early.

2 I didn't want to stay at home. (They made me)

They made me stay at home.

3 She got out of the car. (We watched)

4 They allowed me to telephone my lawyer. (They let)

5 They left at eleven o'clock. (I heard)

6 The policeman told me to empty my pockets. (The policeman made) 7 The dog jumped

through the window. (I saw)

8 Maybe the school will ask me to pay extra. (Do you think the school will make)

9 The animal moved. I felt it. (I felt the)

10 I want to leave the country. (Do you think the government will let)

to + infinitive to express purpose

. to + infinitive is used to express purpose:

I came here to see you.

I went to London to study English.

I drove to the airport to meet parents.

4. Express each question and answer as one sentence, using to + infinitive. Note that you will need to change some words:

1: Why do you go to the beach every weekend?

Because I like swimming.

She………

She goes to the beach every weekend to swim.

2 Why did you move to London?

I wanted to find work.

3 Why are you leaving home?

A: I'm going to university in Birmingham

She.

4 : Why are you having a party?

It's my thirtieth birthday, and I want to celebrate it.

5. Why do you get up at six every morning?

I do my training then.

She

6 Why are you going out?

I want to telephone my mother.

7 Why are you saving money?

We'want to buy a car.

They... .

8 Why are you going to Egypt?

We want to visit Ali's parents.

They... .

5. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form. Note that sometimes

the infinitive without to will be required:

1 'I was lonely at first,' the old man admitted, 'but after a time I got

used to__________(live) alone and even got __________(like) it.'

2 Before trains were invented people used__________ (travel) on horseback or in

stage coaches. It used__________ (take) a stage coach three days__________ (go) from

London to Bath.

3 I meant __________(buy) an evening paper but I didn't see anyone __________(sell) them.

4 Tom: I want__________ (catch) the 7 a.m. train tomorrow.

Ann: But that means__________ (get) up at 6.00; and you're not very good at

(get)__________ up early, are you?

5 He accepted the cut in salary without complaint because he was

-, afraid__________ (complain). He was afraid of __________(lose) his job.

6. She remembers part of her childhood quite clearly. She remembers

(go)__________ school for the first time and (be)__________frightened and (put)__________ her

finger in her mouth. And she remembers her teacher (take)__________

it out. .

7 Did you remember __________(lock) the car?

No, I didn't. I'd better__________ (go) back and (do) it now.

8 No, I didn't move the bomb. I was afraid__________(touch) it; I was afraid of

(be)__________ blown to pieces! .

9 Next time we go__________ (house-hunt), remember__________ (ask) the agent for very clear directions. I wasted hours__________ (look) for the last house.

10 Tom: Let's (go) for a swim.

Ann: I'm not particularly keen on__________ (swim). What about __________(go) for a

drive instead?

11 The hunters expected__________ (be paid) by the foot for the snakes they

caught. This meant __________(take) the snakes out of the sack and __________(measure)

them. They seemed __________(expect) me __________(do) it; but I wasn't particularly

anxious __________(be) the first__________ (die) of snakebite.

6. . Supply the correct forms BARE INFINITIVE, TO--INFINITIVE or -ING form.

1. We all tried___________________(stop) him, but he didn't listen to any of us.

2. If you do that, you'll have all the neighbours___________________(complain) about the noise.

3. You'll regret___________________(smoke) when you get to old age.

4. If we hadn't turned the music off, they would have gone on_____________(dance) for the whole night.

5. It was easy___________________(see) he was a burglar. He started___________________(run) when he saw us.

6. You may want___________________(buy) a Jaguar, but I do not think you can afford___________________(pay) for the petrol.

7. The police have warned us___________________(not come) near this part of the park.

8. Finally we managed___________________(get ) the box onto the roof.

9. They refused___________________(join) us for dinner because they were vegetarian.

10. Let's___________________(not make) too much noise or we'll wake the babies.

11. So, what would you prefer___________________(have) for dessert ? Fruit or an ice cream ?

12. I can't remember ever ___________________(be) with you in a course in Paris.

13. It is easy___________________(please) John. Just give some good food.

14. The soup was too hot___________________(drink), so we left it on th table.

15. There is one thing you ought___________________(know): we've run out of petrol.

16. Please, could we stop___________________(get) some sleep in a hotel.

Key

GERUND AND INFINITIVE

1. Mrs Brown threatened to call (call) the police

2. We were so used to living (live) in cold weather that we were always hot in other places.

3. Don't forget to close (close) gas before leaving.

4. The teenager denied stealing (steal) the car in the car park.

5. Many people enjoy travelling (travel) abroad for the summer.

6. Though very quietly, they were heard to go (go) upstairs

7. Jeff never talks about leaving (leave) his job.

8. We were the first to arrive (arrive) but the seats were taken.

9. I talked to Andrew and advised him to see a doctor (see/use a personal pronoun)

10. I will never forget dancing (dance) waltz on the ship.

11. I'm not very interested in taking (take) that test. I'd sutrely fail it.

12. Whay don't you let me explain (explain) to you.

13. We stopped to have (have) a drink and then kept on moving (move)

14. We meant to get (get) to the station before noon, but couldn't.

15. Living abroad means adapting (adapt) yourself to other culture